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I love Sharks

Silky shark
Classification
Reign Animalia
Branch Chordata
Sub-ember. Vertebrate
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Super-order
Selachimorpha
- author incomplete – , date to be
Orders junior
Carcharhiniformes
Heterodontiformes
Hexanchiformes
Lamniformes
Orectolobiformes
Pristiophoriformes
Squaliformes
Squatiniformes
† Symmoriida
† Cladoselachiformes
† Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes)
† Eugeneodontida
† Hybodontiformes
The sharks or Selachimorpha ( Selachimorpha ) form a super-order of fish cartilage found in all oceans of the world.
They are a group paraphyletic species. So it’s mostly from morphological characteristics that couette bambou the name is assigned to a shark species.
Today we know 465 one shark species grouped into 35 families, all belonging to the class of chondrichthyans which includes, in addition, the rays , the sawfish , the fish-guitars and chimeras . In addition to these species still exist many species like those grouped in the class of acanthodians are known only by their fossils.
Some authors recognize the taxon Selachimorpha which includes only the sharks, rays to differentiate among Euselachii , but this separation is not a valid point of view phylogenetics .
The first sharks appeared in the Devonian , there are about 430  Ma 2 . From the Cretaceous , there are 100 Ma , many species of sharks have adopted their modern form, they have hardly changed since.
Most sharks are predators , and even top predators for some, but the larger species, such as the whale shark ( Rhincodon typus ) or basking shark ( Cetorhinus maximus ), does that feed primarily plankton by filtering the seawater only five species are considered dangerous for the man . Many species are endangered ( overfishing , eliminate free …).

Etymology and nomenclature in French HDMI switch a

The origin sports physical therapy of the term “shark” is car insurance controversial, perhaps is it a distortion of quin (dog), as defined in dogfish 3 or requiem 4 .
The term “shark”, meaning the same, which derives from the Latin Squalus 5 refers to the rough skin of these animals because of these scales cartilage under the skin of their bodies. The name of an order ( Squaliformes ), family ( Squalidae ) drift. There is also a genre named Squalus species which have included in their common names the term dogfish .
The ancient Greek Lamna or lamnaes an order ( Lamniformes ), a family ( Lamnidae ) and gender ( Lamna ) were created.
Name in French a
Main article: List of common names of sharks .
Several shark species have the word shark in one of their common names , such as: hammerhead shark , tiger shark , basking shark , but it’s not a generality, there are also no common names including not the word shark as in the case of porbeagle , dogfish , mako and so on.
As often with fish, common names are not always very accurate. Same species can receive several names and the same name can refer to different species where the contradiction with lists of species scientific names.
List of common names of sharks
List of shark species
Identification of the shark a

Main article: List of shark species .
Description a

External anatomy of the shark
The shark is characterized by its streamlined silhouette, especially hydrodynamics , and its pectoral fins and dorsal , and its caudal fin heterocercal (asymmetrical in shape). It is equipped with a skeleton entirely cartilaginous and five to seven gill slits side depending on the species.
The size of the shark species varies from 15 to 20 cm for children, such as dwarf shark ( Squaliolus laticaudus ) and the pygmy shark ( Euprotomicrus bispinatus ), more than 18 m for the largest, the whale shark ( Rhincodon typus ).
His skin is rough, covered with numerous spines , skin flakes original bone placoid dermal and epidermal , which protect against the parasites and improve its penetration into the water.
The jaws of the shark exhibit unique features in the animal world . They are fully mobile, independent, and filled with hundreds of teeth over several rows of which only the latter is functional, the others being the replacement teeth. The teeth, the shape varies among species, are constantly renewed throughout the life of the shark, paleo and are naturally replaced by a tooth of the next row when they fall or are damaged. Attached to a fibrous tissue very strong, they are recovering to the outside when the shark opens its mouth, allowing it to bite more easily a prey and hold it firmly with the concavity of the teeth.
His liver, which can represent up to 25% by weight, consists of 90% squalene , and serves mainly to compensate for his lack of bladder and stabilized, but also energy reserve.
Evolutionary history a
Articles: Chondrichthyes (phylogenetic classification) , and evolutionary history of Chondrichthyes .

Prehistoric shark
The well-preserved fossils of sharks are very rare due to the cartilaginous nature of the skeleton, usually only the teeth are resistant to weathering time. The phylogeny of the shark is particularly delicate. The skeletons were discovered the oldest in the late xix th  century in the State of Ohio to the United States are the kind Cladoselache dating from the Devonian higher ( 360 Ma ) 2 . With a size of about 2 m this shark is far from being in a position to superpredator of prey but especially Placoderms as Dunkleosteus . The disappearance of Placoderms to 354 Ma will promote the development of chondrichthyans, particularly in terms of diversity 6 .
At the end of the Permian a mass extinction occurs by removing 90% of marine species of chondrichthyans. A second extinction in the late Triassic operates a selection again and eliminates, for example, xénacanthes who had lived for 200 Ma . In Mesozoic and hybodontes are distinguished by their large size (at least 3 m ) and a jaw capable of crushing any shell 7 . In the Jurassic the néosélaciens compete with hybodontes but the extinction of the Cretaceous there are 65 Ma caused the late hcg diet drops hybodontes and that of many other species starting with the dinosaurs .
These néosélaciens as can be, the macmurdodus have most of the features of modern sharks. Carcharocles megalodon 8 was probably the superpredator tropical electronic cigarette oceans from the Miocene , a supposed size 13 m are abundant fossilized teeth, this shark died there probably 1.6 Ma 9 .
Systematic a
They are a group paraphyletic species.
Simplified tree
O ─ Chondrichthyes
├ ─ o several taxa extinct or living with chimeras
└ ─ o Euselachii
├ ─ o many extinct taxa whose Xenacanthiformes
└ ─ o
├ ─ o many extinct taxa whose Hybodontoidei
└ ─ o Neoselachii , mixed taxon
├ ─ o Galeomorphii , shark taxon
│ ├ ─ o Orectolobiformes
│ └ ─ o
│ └ ─ o Lamniformes and Carcharhiniformes
└ ─ o Squale , mixed taxon
└ ─ o Squalimorpha
├ ─ o several families of sharks whose Hexanchidae , Echinorhinidae , Chlamydoselachidae
└ ─ o Batoidea or Batidoidimorpha , including rays, guitar fish, sawfish, angelfish,
│ not considered sharks
├ ─ o Torpediniformes whose torpedoes
├ ─ o Myliobatiformes
└ ─ o Rajiformes
Identification scheme a

Tree to determine How to Lose Weight Fast the order of a shark.
The orders of sharks super-order Euselachii the traditional classification are:
Carcharhiniformes ( Hammerhead , Roussette …)
Heterodontiformes ( sleeper shark ..)
Hexanchiformes Compagno, 1973 ( Basking Shark …)
Lamniformes ( Megalodon , Great White Shark …)
Orectolobiformes ( Whale shark …)
Pristiophoriformes ( Saw Shark )
Squaliformes Compagno, 1973 ( Spiny …)
Squatiniformes ( Angelfish …)
For this reason, some authors have separated Euselachii in two:
super-order Selachimorpha corresponding to orders of sharks
super-order Rajomorphii corresponding to the orders of rays , torpedoes , sawfish and guitar fish .
Distribution a

Sharks are found in all seas and all the oceans of the world, with the exception of Antarctica . Some species, like the bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ), are able to live in fresh water or low salt (rivers, estuaries, lakes). They may go some rivers to over 3 000 km in the interior, such as the Zambezi and Lake Victoria in Africa . Members of a species ( Pristiophoridés ) will even breed in the Lake Titicaca in South America .
Some species are pelagic, others inshore  , there are sharks from the surface to 2500 m depth of 10 or so.
Physical characteristics a

Locomotion a

The mako shark is capable of reaching top speeds of 50 km / h.
Sharks use their tail fin to propel themselves and change direction suddenly, the pectoral fins serve as rudders on the same principle as aircraft wings , or the dorsal fins serve as stabilizers. To breathe, they are forced to swim continuously at low speed to maintain a flow of water providing enough oxygen to their gills. Sometimes, however, some sharks, especially those living near reefs rest on the bottom by putting himself facing the current, which is enough for them to capture oxygen for their metabolism 11 Medigap Plans .
Some species, such as the mako shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus ), are capable of reaching top speeds of at least 50 km / h 12 . The denticles cutaneous active species present on the skin of sharks, promote laminar flow of fluids in facilitating the flow hydrodynamics through the creation of a permanent boundary layer of water against the skin, allowing for easier penetration during displacement 13 .
Unlike most other fish, they have no swim bladder to stabilize deep but use the squalene , oil in their liver, lower density than water to correct their negative buoyancy.
Pelagic sharks are able to travel considerable distances, and for some species like blue shark ( Prionace glauca ) have sometimes a migratory circuit 14 , but few data are available. However, satellite tracking has shown that a great white shark , nicknamed “Nicole” has migrated to South Africa to the Australia 15 . acne treatment The distance of about 11 000 km . was covered in 99 days at an average speed of 4.6 km / h .
Since 2006 , the sharks may be marked with tags ew feature of inclinometers , which provide information on their vertical but also horizontal movements. After three months to one year, the data is retrieved. Are well known when they hunt and eat, the paths they realize … A Cell Phone Accessories few hundred animals ( white sharks , whale sharks and silky sharks , etc.) are already equipped in the world.
Meaning a
Olfaction a

The shape of the head of the hammerhead shark not only allows a better vision but also a more developed sense of smell through its nasal openings further apart.
Many sharks have a keen sense of smell: olfactory center they can occupy almost two thirds of their brain 16 , they are often called the “nose of the Sea” 17 . They can detect very low concentrations (about one molecule per 1 million of a molar solution in sea water) of some components of blood ( hemoglobin , albumin ), meat ( amino acids ), of the skin or excretions of the fish ( trimethylamine , home loans south africa betaine ) 18 .
They have two nasal openings (a term preferable to the nostrils as these bags are olfactory organs – or capsules – olfactory unrelated to the respiratory system 19 ) symmetric and independent of one another, located just below the edge of their nose above and on either side of the mouth. Each opening is divided into two channels by a skin flap: the water enters the bag by an olfactory channel (groove inhaling), passes over the olfactory epithelium folds (the folds of the olfactory lamellae in rosette increases the surface exchange with the odor molecules) where the smell is detected and then exhaling out through the crease. The flow of water in the bags smell is naturally species swimming at all times. For species benthic immobile, the stream is actively pumped through the gills and sent to the olfactory bags via the naso-oral.
Their sense of smell is not only to locate their prey (felt up 75 m apart in the absence of any other sensory stimulus) but also to recognize chemical compounds that facilitate their orientation (pheromones other sharks or females of their species, salinity of different marine regions to migrate or geographically locate nesting sites and hunting …).
Detection of the olfactory stimulus triggers a characteristic swimming behavior: the shark swam zigzag swinging his head from side to side to follow the trail back to the smell and odor source. If the smell is lost or too far away to be detected, the shark by making an advance movement in the form of large S.
About the mechanism, the prevailing assumption was that the shark was moving toward the source through the fragrant nasal openings acting through differential analysis of the concentration of odors in water. In fact, the shark takes the direction of the smell which comes first (even if it is less concentrated than another) and, like the stereoscopic vision , felt in “stereo”: it turns to the source fragrant on the time (analyzed by the brain) of the source of this perception between right and left nasal opening 20 .
Vision a
The eye of the shark is similar to that of vertebrates  : it is composed of a lens , a cornea , a retina and a pupil that can dilate (unlike teleosts ) as in men. It also has eyes (some species have a more third eyelid Plastic Bins ) but do not blink, the surrounding water constantly cleaning the cornea. Its choroidal tapetum crystal of guanine makes it suitable for aquatic life. The shark can switch between monocular and stereoscopic vision .
An Australian study in 2011 of microspectrophotometer on the photoreceptors of 17 species of sharks show Property Malaysia that their photoreceptors trottinette freestyle are rich in Joann Fabric coupons rods but no cones or one chiropractic marketing cone type monochromatic, making color blindness. Sharks are especially sensitive to the intensity of contrast between the ambient background and the object. These researchers provide several applications of this discovery: wetsuits and surfboards adapted to avoid shark attacks, lure fishing iphone ringtones line industry less attractive to avoid the fast cash loans sharks accidentally go about 21 .
Hearing a
The shark can perceive sounds up to two miles away.
Touch a
With a body called lateral system, shark perceives the movement of water.
Ampullae of Lorenzini a

electronic receiver channel and lateral lines .
Sharks have special sense organs called ampullae of Lorenzini that detect electromagnetic fields as well as gradients of temperature (this gradient is the direction in which the temperature increases more). They provide sharks and rays a real sixth sense.
Each bulb consists of a channel filled with a gel-opening on the surface by a pore in the skin and ending in a cluster of website hosting small pockets full of électroréceptrices cells. The bulbs are most often grouped in bundles inside the body, with each beam bulbs connected with different parts of the skin, but keeping symmetry left / right. The length of the channel changes with each animal, but the distribution of pores seems to be species specific. The pores appear as dark spots on the skin.
Reproduction a

An egg spiral a sleeper shark Port Jackson
Most sharks breed in the ocean, yet some sharks in the order of Pristiophoriformes choose lakes ( Central America ).
Unlike other fish , sharks have a mechanism of reproduction inefficient and rarely seen. The sexual maturity is reached late (several years, 20 years in some species), the number of individuals per litter is very low (from one individual to several hundred depending on the species) and the length of gestation is particularly long (from 7 months to 2 years ). We talk to K-strategy species .
During mating, the male bites the female rather violently over the head blu cigs coupon to hold it in position for mating. free ipad The female will take about one month to heal. The male has two claspers but only one is used. The sperm is deposited in the cloaca of the female.
The development of embryos varies with the species considered and may be:
oviparous – egg-laying of eggs  ;
viviparous – development in the womb through a placenta  ;
ovoviviparous – eggs develop and hatch inside the mother’s abdomen, but car insurance quote it is not related to unborn babies, they are completely independent;
Several cases of reproduction without mating 22 , 23 , 24 are documented and suggests that some sharks are capable of parthenogenesis .
In all cases the shark is independent at birth.
Scientific research a

In 2008, Bernard Seret 25 , reported the discovery of twelve new species of sharks, rays and chimaeras between New Zealand and New Caledonia in less than four weeks of exploration. In the 15 years leading up to these findings, 130 new species of sharks have been described, but it could be 1 500 to 2 000 species (sharks + rays) to about 500 now described. Most of the knowledge about sharks comes from the study of a dozen species.
Study of sharks in the Bahamas a
Since 1995, the car insurance “  Shark Lab  “(laboratory studies of sharks officially called Bimini Biological Field Station), led by Dr. Samuel H. Gruber (PhD in marine biology, professor of ethology and of ecology at the University of marine Miami ) conducted the marking of nearly 3000 sharks. A small metal plate placed under the skin of the animal to track population trends.
One of the missions of Shark Lab is to capture, measure, mark and a sample of DNA on lemon sharks . There are bachelorette party supplies about seventy species of sharks in the waters of the Bahamas and the lemon shark was not randomly selected but because it is the only one capable of living in captivity in a small space.
The fossil shark teeth a

The fossil shark teeth have long been an enigma. See Article glossopetrae .
Fishing a

Economy a

An officer of the NOAA account of shark fins confiscated.
Related article: Shark finning .
Sharks are fished intensively, often only for their fins which are the main ingredient of dishes, including shark fin soup , auto loans for bad credit popular in Southeast Asia . They are also sometimes Translation Services part of the catch unintended or incidental, even in small-scale fishing nets.
Most studies estimate that the number of sharks killed for their fins is 38 to 100 million each year worldwide 26 , 27 . But the intensification of the fishery, increasing the demand for fins and the absence of reliable international data suggest that this number is significantly undervalued today. The European Union estimated the shark fisheries 800 000  t / year in 2008, including 100 000 t / year mainly fished in the North Sea, North-East Atlantic and Norwegian waters, but also in Central Atlantic, Pacific or Indian Ocean by European boats.
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture , 890 000 tonnes of sharks were caught in 2000, against 770,000 tons in 2005 and 740 000 tonnes in 2008 28 . In 2008, the Indonesian fisherman was the first country in the world of sharks with 110 000 tonnes , followed by the India no no hair removal ( 80,000 tons ), the Spain ( 56,000 tons ), the Argentina ( 46,000 tonnes ), Taiwan ( 41,000 tons ), the United States ( 37,000 tons ), the Mexico ( 29,000 tonnes ) and Malaysia ( 23,000 tons ) 28 .
Threats and Conservation a
Late sexual maturity and a particularly long period of gestation , and low production of embryos make sharks particularly vulnerable to overexploitation . In 2008, nearly 10% of species of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays ) were on the red list of IUCN and are threatened with extinction in varying degrees.
The Mediterranean held according to the IUCN Most species of cartilaginous fish threatened with extinction, with 42% in 2007 29 species the diet solution diet plan of sharks and rays threatened with extinction. Thirty endangered species, including:
thirteen regarded as critically endangered , including the Maltese Skate ( endemic ), whose population has fallen by 80% due to deep-sea fisheries , the shortfin mako and porbeagle sharks  ;
eight species “in danger”;
nine “vulnerable”.

In this region, the causes are:
the overfishing induced the development and use of trawls . Whether coastal, pelagic, or deep, almost every sharks are threatened by overfishing;
catch (fishing longline Wire Shelves or net);
the pollution ( mercury and methylmercury in particular, with rates exceeding 0.50 mg / kg , especially in the spiny dogfish )
degradation of their habitats . The countries that most fish are Turkey , the Tunisia on Morocco , the Greek , the Italian and the Spanish .

IUCN warns that the driftnet though prohibited in the Mediterranean Sea, and continues to be used to catch many sharks.
In 2007, only the white shark and the basking shark were protected in the waters of the European Community (and Croatia ). IUCN noted in November 2007 as well as eight species of sharks and rays have been listed by four international conventions on the conservation of wildlife Mediterranean, only three species have been protected. IUCN has therefore asked for a moratorium on deep-sea fishing , the ban on drift nets , and application of laws, quotas and catch limits fishing for sharks (and rays) in the Mediterranean.
The European Commission , recognizing the laxity of Europe responsible stretch marks for 56% of world imports of shark meat and 32% of exports, and noting that member states have not honored their commitment to put into practice Denver Divorce Attorney a plan of Action adopted at the United Nations a decade earlier, in catalogues uk February 2009 produced a “plan of action for sharks” fishermen must maintain a record catch, meet quotas allocated less widely and more respect the recommendations of scientists. The finning (dumping at sea of sharks that have been simply cut the fins), already banned in Europe theoretically, should be better controlled and verbalized, including for European fishermen fishing outside EU waters. Sharks caught in the catch must be discarded at sea, and locally, fishing for species considered at high risk may be banned. The funds of the North-East Atlantic (high priority) will receive a compliance program. But the plan will be applicable only after validation by the Parliament and the Council.
Various studies 30 , 31 show an alarming decline in shark populations, ranging in the Gulf of Mexico up to 99% for the oceanic whitetip shark just over 50 years . The size and the average mass of pelagic fish and sharks are caught in sharp decline 32 suggesting that many sharks are caught before they reach sexual maturity and then reproduce. Shark Alliance, which includes sixty NGOs demanded an immediate ban on any removal of fins at sea and adequate controls.
Danger to man? a

Main article: Shark Attack .

Map of attacks since the xvi th  century
The number of accidents caused by sharks is extremely low: between 57 and 78 shark attacks unprovoked year worldwide 33 . The highest number of attacks have been 80 attacks on the whole of 2000.
Only five species are classified as hazardous because of their size and diet: reputation management the tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvieri ), the white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ), the bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) the mako shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus ) and the oceanic whitetip Carpet Cleaning London shark ( Carcharhinus longimanus ).
The danger is not necessarily linked to a bite, because once the tail can also be very dangerous, as from marine mammals ( whale , whale ). In addition, because of its roughness, the skin of the shark fins and can cause serious injuries simply by brushing 34 , 35 .
Generally, among the dozens of attacks recorded each year, only four or five are fatal, mostly due to injuries treated too late. Indeed, when a shark bites a man, mostly by accident. The lit shark is confused with its usual prey: very often, do not treat it and prefer to turn around. In the U.S., only 10 deaths from shark bite were fluorescence between 2001 and 2010, against 263 victims of dog.
Myths and Realities a

Reputation a

Mouth of a great white shark .
The tetralogy The Jaws (original title: Jaws ) has played a major role in the bad reputation that sharks to the public. Although there is no manifest error in size – the largest ppi claims white shark identified as 7.92 m 36 – and behavior, the accumulation of scenes appropriate for the scenario, however, is not credible could be the result of a single shark. Yet from the Middle Ages that reputation was well established:
“This fish eats the Crossfit Denver other, it is very greedy, he devours men whole, as we know from experience, because in Nice and Marseille was once taken Lamies in the stomach which was found gunman world. ”
-  Guillaume Rondelet , The entire history of fish (1558)
Ironically, the reputation of the shark is mainly due to exceptional and rare appearance of an attack. Indeed, the elephant , the crocodile , the hippopotamus or the cobra 37 kill thousands of people each year in the world without this being publicized, however an attack or even the mere presence of a shark in the water results in an article prominently in the newspapers. In fact, the reason for this fear is largely related to the psychological perception, or psychoanalytic, dark and unknown depths of the oceans that feed all fantasies .
“Man Eater” a

Watson and the Shark , painted in 1778 by John Singleton Copley
The shark is a predator , including specialized cleaning of dead and diseased animals attack. Describe a shark -eating man is unfit for his regime does exceptionally human beings. The majority of shark attacks are rare type of bit-released (or bite exploration) without further action as the consequences of the single bite (which can be disfiguring and fatal because of bleeding ).
In most cases an attack is linked to a misidentification or may be motivated by curiosity, this hypothesis becomes more credible to experts great white shark spa cover as R. Aidan Martin 38 .
An event as dramatic a shark attack has often been wide media coverage, fueled by sensationalism. This has led to George Burgess, an expert on sharks of the Natural History Museum of Florida and head of the global database of shark attacks in advance, there would be statistically more likely to be killed going to swim in Florida by a coconut falling on the head by a shark 39 . The risk is much greater of being crushed by a car while crossing the street.
Cancer and shark a
Contrary to what is sometimes suggested, sharks can develop cancer 40 , 41 . However, they have specific biological mechanisms that appear to be very effective in preventing the angiogenesis , that is to say the formation of small blood vessels that nourish cancer cells. Drugs based on shark cartilage are unreliable in the scientific community 42 . The squalamine , a substance extracted from the stomach of the shark, could be effective in the treatment of cancerous tumors. Squalamine starve cancer cells by inhibiting angiogenesis 43 .
Use of sharks a

The value of shark fins for shark fin soup has led to an increase of shark catches. Usually, only the fins are removed, while the rest of the shark is discarded, often in the sea
“The shark is like a pig, it’s all good! “
-  Bernard Seret , shark specialist with the IRD 44
In addition to using his body and fins for food, the shark is fully exploitable. These include in particular the oil of its liver, which is exploited in the pharmaceutical industry, in cosmetics and for lubricating machinery, his skin after tanning is used in leather , its cartilage that can be converted into gelatin , etc. . However, the disproportion of the purchase price between the fins and other body parts that in practice the shark is used almost exclusively for their fins, with the remainder returned to the sea to avoid cluttering the holds. The approval of cartilage fins soup in China , and teeth are sold as souvenirs.
In recent years develops the dive with sharks without a cage in the middle tropical . The sharks are then sometimes used to being fed, an activity commonly known feeding (from “to feed”, “feed” in English). Hundreds of dives are organized daily in the world with mainly reef sharks but also occasionally in the presence of tiger sharks , the great hammerhead sharks or even bull shark . This activity helps to demystify the shark with divers and observe in the wild. This ecotourism meeting a success and an important part for the economy of countries like Egypt , the Maldives or the French Polynesia . Therefore, measures prohibiting or restricting the finning of sharks have been taken 45 under pressure from the tourism industry and divers.
Remains to be seen in the medium term, the potential impact of denver accident lawyer this eco-tourism. Habituate sharks to be fed by the hand of man is also a way to get him used to approach the men. Knowing that the shark is a wild animal and you can not tame it, this eco-tourism could be a mixed blessing.
Symbolic a

Shark-Man of Sossa Dede (1890), statue symbolizing Behanzin , the last king of Dahomey ( Musée du Quai Branly )
In the symbolic Tahitian , the shark is associated with wisdom .
In the symbolic Hawaiian , the shark is associated with protection (Aumakua).
In the symbolic Māori k2 incense , the shark is associated with a sailor’s guide benefactor lost.
In the symbolic Japanese , shark is associated with terror.
In the symbolic Polynesian , the shark is associated with the ultimate incarnation of the soul .
Culture a

Lords of the Sea , the 2007 documentary film critical of the active longline fishing of sharks for their fins in Costa Rica and the Galapagos . This film is directed by Rob Stewart in collaboration with Captain Paul Watson and members of the organization Sea Shepherd .
The Jaws , the novel by Peter Benchley , adapted for the screen by Steven Spielberg in 1975 .
The Old Man and the Sea , a novel of Ernest Hemingway , Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 .